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Acetic acid /əˈsiːtɪk/, systematically named ethanoic acid /ˌɛθəˈnoʊɪk/, is an acidic, colourless liquid and natural compound with the chemical formula CH3COOH (also written as CH3CO2H, C2H4O2, or 5 Step Formula Review HC2H3O2). Vinegar is a minimum of 4% acetic acid by volume, making acetic acid the main component of vinegar aside from water. Traditionally, vinegar was produced from the third century BC and was doubtless the primary acid to be produced in giant portions. Acetic acid is the second easiest carboxylic acid (after formic acid). It is a vital chemical reagent and industrial chemical throughout various fields, used primarily within the manufacturing of cellulose acetate for photographic film, polyvinyl acetate for wooden glue, and artificial fibres and fabrics. In households, diluted acetic acid is often utilized in descaling brokers. In the meals trade, acetic acid is managed by the meals additive code E260 as an acidity regulator and as a condiment. In biochemistry, the acetyl group, derived from acetic acid, is basic to all forms of life.

When bound to coenzyme A, it's central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats. The worldwide demand for acetic acid as of 2023 is about 17.88 million metric tonnes per yr (t/a). A lot of the world's acetic acid is produced through the carbonylation of methanol. Its manufacturing and subsequent industrial use poses health hazards to workers, 5 Step Formula review including incidental pores and skin damage and chronic respiratory injuries from inhalation. The trivial name "acetic acid" is the most commonly used and preferred IUPAC title. The systematic name "ethanoic acid", a legitimate IUPAC name, is constructed in response to the substitutive nomenclature. The title "acetic acid" derives from the Latin word for vinegar, "acetum", which means "to sour" in relation to the bitter style of fermented fruits. Much like the German name "Eisessig" ("ice vinegar"), the name comes from the strong ice-like crystals that form with agitation, barely beneath room temperature at 16.6 °C (61.9 °F). Acetic acid can by no means be actually water-free in an atmosphere that comprises water, so the presence of 0.1% water in glacial acetic acid lowers its melting point by 0.2 °C.

O)−; the conjugate base, acetate (CH3COO−), is thus represented as AcO−. The title "acetate" may also seek advice from a salt containing this anion, or an ester of acetic acid. −OH, CH3COOH, and CH3CO2H. Ac on this case is a logo for acetate (fairly than acetyl). Vinegar is a diluted answer of acetic acid and was identified early in civilization as the pure result of exposure of beer and wine to air as a result of acetic acid-producing micro organism are present globally. It is probably going the primary acid to be produced in massive quantities in history. The usage of acetic acid in alchemy extends into the third century BC, when the Greek philosopher Theophrastus described how vinegar acted on metals to provide pigments useful in artwork, together with white lead (lead carbonate) and verdigris, online business plan a green mixture of copper salts together with copper(II) acetate. Hippocrates used vinegar as an antiseptic and as a treatment for quite a few conditions together with fever, legit work from home guide constipation, ulcers, and pleurisy. Historical Romans boiled soured wine to supply a extremely sweet syrup referred to as sapa.

Sapa that was produced in lead pots was wealthy in lead acetate, a candy substance also referred to as sugar of lead or sugar of Saturn, which contributed to steer poisoning among the Roman aristocracy. In the 16th-century German alchemist Andreas Libavius described the production of acetone from the dry distillation of lead acetate, ketonic decarboxylation. The presence of water in vinegar has such a profound impact on acetic acid's properties that for centuries chemists believed that glacial acetic acid and the acid found in vinegar have been two completely different substances. French chemist Pierre Adet proved them identical. In 1845 German chemist Hermann Kolbe synthesized acetic acid from inorganic compounds for the first time. This reaction sequence consisted of chlorination of carbon disulfide to carbon tetrachloride, followed by pyrolysis to tetrachloroethylene and aqueous chlorination to trichloroacetic acid, and concluded with electrolytic discount to acetic acid. By 1910, most glacial acetic acid was obtained from the pyroligneous liquor, a product of the distillation of wood.

The acetic acid was remoted by therapy with milk of lime, and the ensuing calcium acetate was then acidified with sulfuric acid to recover acetic acid. At that time, Germany was producing 10,000 tons of glacial acetic acid, around 30% of which was used for the manufacture of indigo dye. As a result of both methanol and carbon monoxide are commodity uncooked materials, methanol carbonylation lengthy appeared to be attractive precursors to acetic acid. However, an absence of sensible materials that could include the corrosive response mixture on the excessive pressures needed (200 atm or extra) discouraged commercialization of those routes. −) was found that could operate effectively at decrease stress with nearly no by-products. US chemical company Monsanto Firm constructed the first plant using this catalyst in 1970, and rhodium-catalyzed methanol carbonylation became the dominant methodology of acetic acid manufacturing (see Monsanto course of). −), which is promoted by iridium for better efficiency.